DECONSTRUCTION
~ is a method of reading which is based on the assumption that language is unreliable.
~ philosophy applied to literary criticism, as well as to criticism of the other arts, which began to gain popularity in the 1980s.
~ the goal of a deconstructionist reading is to seek out the contradictions in the text to prove that the text lacks unity and coherence.

KAY STELLA ZEEHANDELAAR - (sanaysay) salin ni Ruth Elynia S. Mabanglo
Isa itong sanaysay na naglalaman ng liham ng isang babae, si Raden Adhin Cartini isang Javanese na nangarap na maabot ang kalayaan para sa mga babaeng tulad niya na bahagi na ng kanilang kultura. Sinasabi sa liham na labis niyang kinaiingitan ang mga babaeng kanluranin sapagkat sila ay malaya at nakakamit ang kanilang kalayaan samantalang siya at nakatali sa kanilang lumang tradisyon kung saan ay naniniwala siyang balang araw ay luluwag ang pagkataling iyon. Nabanggit din niya ang tungkol sa mga kapatid niyang mga lalaki na kung sann ay nakapag-aral at nagtrabaho sa kanluran samantala silang mga babae ay walang pagkkataong makapagaral dahil na rin sa kahigpitan ng kanilang lumang trdisyon. Labag sa kanilang tradisyong na pagaralin ang mga babae, lalo't na ang paglabas ng bahay.
Sa kalagitnaan ng kanyang liham sa pamamagitang ng pagbanggit kuna papaano ay sa wakas nakamit din niya ang pinaka aasam na kalayaan. Ngunit hindi rin siya lubos na nasiyahan sapagkat ang gusto niya ay makalayo upang makatayo ng mag-isa, makapagaral, at higit sa lahat ay hindi pagasawahin ng sapilitan. Natapos ang kanyang liham sa kanyang pagtatanong na At paano nga ba hindi magkakaganoon, kung tila ginawa lamang para sa lalaki ang mga batas, kung pabor para sa mga lalaki at hindi para sa mga babae ang batas at kumbensyon; kung lahat ng kaluwaga's para lamang sa kanya?

CRITICISM  
 In the view of a deconstructionist, the meaning of a text depends upon the reader. The meaning of a text resides upon the author while he or she is writing it but the it changes once the reader begin reading it.
Stella Zeehandelaar is a kind of essay in which the writer (Raden Adhin Cartini) wanted to say her grievances about not experiencing freedom unlike other girls. She was also trying to let the reader know how she finally achieve the freedom she had been longing ever since. But in between told her story and how she had felt during her imprisonment inside the house because of their old custom.
This essay is an example of a deconstruction because the author wanted to tell something to the reader through her works but once the reader read the text it will now be depended upon his or her interpretation, there'll be no exact meaning.

STRUCTURALISM
~ has the signifier + the signified. Signifier stands for the symbol while the signified is the intended meaning of that  particular signifier.

THE CHRONICLES OF NARNIA: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe (FILM)- based on the book by Clive Staples Lewis



In 1940, in the London suburb of Finchley, the Pevensie children, Peter, Susan, Edmund and Lucy, are endangered by an attack of numerous German Heinkel He 111 bombers. When running to the shelter, Edmund runs back to the house to get a photograph of his father for which Peter scolds him. The next morning, they are evacuated to the country home of Professor Digory Kirke, who is not accustomed to having children in his house, as Ms. Macready, the strict housekeeper, explains.
While the Pevensies are getting used to the house and playing hide-and-seek out of boredom, Lucy discovers a wardrobe and enters a wintry fantasy world called Narnia to her surprise. Lucy shortly encounters and befriends the faun, Mr. Tumnus, who explains about the land she has just entered and invites her back to his home to which she accepts. There, he puts Lucy to sleep by playing a Narnian Lullaby on his flute. However, when she wakes up, Lucy finds Tumnus grieving, and he explains that Jadis, the White Witch, has cursed Narnia, and it has been winter for one hundred years. If a human is ever encountered, they were to be brought to her. Tumnus takes a huge liking to Lucy and cannot bring himself to kidnap her, so he sends her home. When she returns, hardly any time has passed in the normal world, and her siblings do not believe her story since that when they look in the wardrobe, it has a normal wooden back. Peter then scolds Edmund when he jokes about believing Lucy, to which Edmund responds by yelling at Peter and storms out of the room, believing that Peter is trying to be a father figure (presumably showing us that Edmund's bad behavior began when his father was forced to fight in the war).
One night, Edmund follows Lucy into the wardrobe, presumably to tease her about the country he thinks she has made up. However, he enters Narnia as well, and shortly after searching for Lucy, he meets the White Witch who claims to be "The Queen of Narnia" and her dwarf Ginarrbrik. She offers him Turkish Delight as well as the prospect of becoming king and having power over his siblings if he brings them to her house. After she departs, Edmund and Lucy meet again and return; Lucy tells Peter and Susan about the experience, but Edmund lies about it. The Professor talks with Peter and Susan; he does not understand why they do not believe Lucy's story and gives them three possible logical explanations of Lucy's behaviour — madness, dishonesty and sincerity — the others know she is neither mad nor dishonest, so she must be telling the truth. However, they are still not convinced.
While running away from Ms. Macready after accidentally breaking a window while playing cricket, the four siblings retreat to the wardrobe and enter Narnia. There, they apologize to Lucy. They discover Mr. Tumnus has been taken by the Witch's secret police, and meet Mr. and Mrs. Beaver, who tell them about Aslan. According to the beavers, Aslan is on the move to take control of Narnia from the Witch. The four must help Aslan and his supporters; it has been prophesied that if two sons of Adam and two daughters of Eve sit in the four thrones, the White Witch's reign would end.
Edmund sneaks off to visit the Witch, where Mr. Beaver explains the witch's motive and that the siblings now must resort to reaching Aslan to save him. When he arrives at her castle, she is angry that he did not deliver his siblings. The Witch sends wolves to hunt down the children and the beavers, who barely escape with the help of a fox. Edmund is chained in the Witch's dungeon where he meets Tumnus. The Witch demands that Edmund reveal where his siblings are because her police could not find them; Edmund then tells her about Aslan and the witch demands to know where Aslan is. Edmund hesitates when Tumnus claims that Edmund does not know anything and Edmund tells the Witch that he heard no further information regarding Aslan. Seeing that Tumnus is hindering the information, the Witch tells Mr. Tumnus that Edmund betrayed him (by talking about him at Edmund's first visit), then turns Tumnus to stone.
While Peter, Lucy, Susan and the beavers travel to the Stone Table, they see what they believe to be the White Witch chasing after them, so they hide. It is really Father Christmas, a sign that the Witch's reign is ending. Father Christmas gives Lucy a healing cordial and a dagger to defend herself with. Susan, a bow and arrows and a magical horn that will summon help when blown, and Peter a sword and shield.
Pursued by wolves led by Maugrim, the group crosses a thawing river, leaving the Witch unable to reach them. The Witch's wolves who then appear had captured the fox that helped the Pevensies escape. The Witch then demands that the fox reveals the Pevensies destination. After the fox refuses to comply, the Witch is about to turn him to stone when Edmund reveals that the Pevensies are heading to the Stone Table and that Aslan is already assembling his army. The Witch however still turns the fox to stone and slaps Edmund in the face for hiding information from her. Arriving at Aslan's camp, the group encounters Aslan, who is revealed as a huge and noble lion. Aslan promises to help Edmund in any way he can. Later, two wolves ambush Lucy and Susan while they are frolicking by the river. When Peter intervenes, Maugrim attacks him, and Peter kills him with his sword. After some of Aslan's troops follow the other wolf to the witch's camp and rescue Edmund, Peter is knighted by Aslan.
After Edmund and his siblings reunite, The White Witch journeys to Aslan's camp and asserts her claim to the traitor Edmund, but Aslan secretly offers to sacrifice himself instead. That night, as Lucy and Susan covertly watch, Aslan is killed by the White Witch at the Stone Table with a crowd of creatures watching. In the morning he is resurrected because "there is a magic deeper still the Witch does not know". Aslan takes Susan and Lucy to the Witch's castle, where he frees the prisoners that the White Witch turned to stone, forming reinforcements for Aslan's army.
Edmund persuades Peter to lead Aslan's army to fight the White Witch's forces. Though Aslan's army begins to have a winning streak, the White Witch's huge army is much larger than Aslan's (that is, Peter's), so it soon begins to lose. To stop the Witch from attacking and killing Peter, Edmund attacks the White Witch and destroys her wand, but is gravely wounded by the Witch in return. Peter, angered at what the Witch did, fights her. As the Witch fights Peter, Aslan arrives with reinforcements and kills her. After Edmund is revived by Lucy's cordial, the Pevensies become Kings and Queens, staying in Narnia until they are adults.
Fifteen years later, while chasing a white stag through the forest, they come to the same forest clearing where there is a lamppost that Lucy saw on her first trip to Narnia. Lucy begins to remember, and with Edmund, Susan and Peter following, fights through the trees, where they begin to tumble through the coats and finally out of the wardrobe and return to England, becoming children again. The Professor enters the room and asks what they were doing. Peter replies, "You wouldn't believe us if we told you, sir." The Professor tosses him the ball that broke the window and replies, "Try me." Lucy later attempts to return to Narnia via the wardrobe, but the Professor tells her he has been trying for many years, and they will probably return to Narnia when they least expect to return.

CRITICISM: 
First is Aslan, the lion who is the king of Narnia symbolizes a just and a fair ruler.
Jadis is an evil queen of Narnia who cursed the place by making it winter for a hundred years.
The movie signifies Aslan the lion king of Narnia who we know is a very humble king and doesn't want anything but the just and fair ruling under his empire. And comes in the scene the Pevensie children who acts accordingly by Aslan will. The movie also showed that Narnia was already came at last into the spring time again after wintering for hundred years when Aslan is already beginning to defeat Jadis. Then it ended Aslan defeating Jadis the evil queen. Structuralism, through the signifier can give its meaning. Aslan he just and fair king defeated the evil queen. and the Pevensie Children who have a good hearts became the king and queen of Narnia. So all in all This shows that whoever possess a bad desire will never win and those who desire good not only to him or herself will surely wins. Though the movie is for children you can get moral lessons and children will surely understands it because of the different symbols used.